Slitherine

A History of Roman Expansion on the Italian Peninsula

Rome: 370 BC.

Surrounded by potential enemies and with a weak military, The Senate decided to send emissaries to surrounding lands in the search for more Allies. Upon their return later in the year, it was learned that the Umbrians, Samnites, Caertans, and Lapygians had accepted our proposal. Little did we know that one of these allies would become our most bitter enemy.

In the summer, Our Foreign Service branch brought back official documents detailing a planned invasion by the Sabines. The Consuls for the year were consulted in regards to a preliminary strike against the Sabines. Due to the poor condition of our troops and a lack of supplies, it was decided that offensive operations were not feasible for the coming year. Instead a diplomatic solution was agreed upon where the stolen plans were returned with a stern letter of warning to the Sabine Ambassador. The threat worked as a letter of apology was received by the Senate.

Rome: 367 BC

War has come from an unlikely source. On 3rd April, the Aequin Ambassador delivered a declaration of war. The Aequins are an insignificant, faithless race, living in the mountains to our northwest. The Senate received the declaration with derision. The Ambassador was seized, beaten, and thrown into the street. All diplomatic ties were broken and the Embassy permanately closed. Plans were drawn for the Invasion of Aequi and the defenses of Hernici, an important mining town, increased. It is the closest Latin City to the enemy. It was proposed and ratified unanimously for the raising of two legions for the upcoming campaign. Supplies were stockpiled. A campaign that would never happen.

Hernici: 365 BC

The 1rst Legion arrived at its base near Hernici. From there it would await the 2nd Legion, currently being trained, and then begin the march on Aequi. The Consul Aemilius Bulba was in command. The other consul, Gaius Patrininus was sent to watch the southern border where the Volscians were aggressively skirmishing with our border forces. Patrininus set up his command in the city of Latins. In the mountains north of Hernici, Advanced scouts captured an Aequin raiding party. They were taken back to the Legionary fort and interrogated. It was learned that due to a plague in the city, their army had been disbanded and sent to their villages. Dispatches were sent to Rome.

Latins: 363 BC

The 2nd Legion arrived outside the city on its way to join up with the 1rst Legion near Hernici. Patroninus in his 3rd Consulship banqueted the senior commanders of the Legion. Supply problems had prevented the Legion from marching sooner. In fact, the 2nd Legion would make a semipermanant camp near Latins for the next 2 years. The Consul Bulba, also in his 3rd year was getting increasingly impatient to carry the war to the enemy. It was later discovered that interfaction politics was to blame for the supply problems and delays. It seems that Patroninus who belongs to the Populist Party was disgruntled over not being chosen to lead the expedition against the Aequi. In order to prevent Bulba and the Imperialist Party from gaining a military victory and thus more power in the Senate, supplies meant for the army were mysteriously lost. It also came to light that the Populist Party was holding its own secret peace negotiations with the Aequi. These talks were the reason no military action was conducted by the Aequi after the plague year of 365.

Hernici: 360 BC

A dispatch rider was received by Bulba on 5th March. The details were as follows. The Quasi War with Aequi was at an end. The Aequins had accepted peace and paid the State an indemnity of 50,000 cesterces in war reparations. They agreed to a truce of 10 years. Soon after it the Populist scandal broke out almost costing Patroninus his Consulship. The peace would be short-lived.

Hernici: 355 BC

Our spies had uncovered the plans of an invasion by the North Oscan people on our eastern borders. The Senate decided that a show of force was needed to dissuade further aggression from outside powers. The 2nd Legion was ordered to march east towards the North Oscan city of Marsi. The 1rst Legion would break camp and rendezvous with them. The Consul Bulba who was vacationing in Rome, rushed back to take control of these forces. Patroninus who had anticipated command had left Latins without orders and was marching towards Hernici with most of the Garrison.

Latins: 354

Panic has seized the citizenry. A large Volscian force crossed the Border and was approaching the city. Riders were sent to beg the return of Patroninus who upon hearing the news that Bulba was once again in command of the operation, had taken up residence at Hernici. The only force holding the city was 2 centuries of Auxiliary Archers.

The Volscian force rode within sight of Latin??™s walls but made no attempt to take the city. A few days later it recrossed the border. A strong letter of protest was sent to the Volscian government.

With our forces in winter Quarters, The Senate dispatched a diplomat to Paeligni to deliver the formal declaration of war.

The First North Oscan War 352-351 BC

Marsi: 352 BC

An early thaw in the mountains allowed the Consular Army consisting of Legions I and II to arrive outside the city of Marsi on 28th March. Due to the extremely rocky terrain, it was decided not to build seige trenches around the city. A small stone wall was built in certain areas as strongpoints. This done, the Tribune Ligunes, marched to the walls demanding the cities surrender. The garrison large and well provisioned, shouted vile insults and made obscene gestures in response. The Legions then began to pound the walls with catapults and other siege engines. The walls were strong and rebuilt at night. Many violent clashes began between the garrison and the auxiliaries under Marsi??™s crumbling walls. The garrison held out for a whole year.

Marsi: 351 BC

On 12th June, another breach was made in the eastern walls. So great was the hole that an immediate assault was planned. A mixed force of the two legions was gathered near the breach. As the forces marched, a hail of arrows and rocks of all sizes were launched in order to keep the garrison??™s heads down. On the western flank, a feint was made to keep that part of the garrison occupied. The assault began with a screening force of Velites advancing up to the walls. The rubble-strewn ground hampered the initial assault and it was thrown back with heavy loss of life. The garrison growing bold advanced in pursuit of our retreating troops. The legionnaires were retreating in good order when the sound to advance was given. Fresh troops were sent to the front and the Oscine warriors were hacked to pieces. Seeing their comrade??™s demise, the remaining garrison lost heart and surrendered. Our troops entered the city with enemy heads on their spears. Though a portion of the population was enslaved, most of the population was unharmed. Burial details were formed and casualty figures calculated. Roman losses amounted to 1,002 dead and wounded. North Oscan figures were 1,113 dead. All wounded were put to the sword.

Not one to be idle, Bulba left the 2nd Legion to garrison Marsi while he took the 1rst Legion to invest Paeligni. While camping several miles from that city, a delegation from the Oscans arrived and sued for peace. Their offer was sent to the Senate for ratification and a cease-fire commenced. In the meantime, the Oscans were not to take hostile actions against the Romans or increase the defenses of the city. Failure to do so would lead to the immediate resumption of military action.

On 12th October, the word came that the treaty was approved. The city of Marsi was to remain a Roman possession and payment of 100,000 cesterces was to be paid in the next 3 years. Bulba was summoned to Rome to be honored for his victorious campaign. Patroninus who was once again saved from losing his consulship by powerful friends in the Senate, returned to his quarters in Latins.

Meanwhile, a diplomatic incident occurred in the Samnite capitol of Pentri. Our ambassador on his way to a state dinner was set upon by brigands and brutally murdered. A servant who witnessed the slaying recognized one of the murderers as Palini, a high ranking Samnite official. Demands were made for the arrest and extradition of Palini and his accomplices. The Samnites refused our demands and our remaining diplomats quit the city and our alliance was ended. The Samnites also began wars of expansion at this timemaking territorial gains by gaining some territory from the Campanians. Samnite forces were seen scouting around Marsi. This all came at a time when increased tensions were felt at the Volscian border. With increased border skirmishing, Patroninus made a plea for reinforcements. These were granted. Bulba, now returned and quartered in Marsi, was in charge of the 2nd Legion and guarding the Samnite Border. The 1rst Legion was reassigned to the Volscian theatre and placed under Patroninus??™s command.


Latins: 350 BC

Volscian forces have once again crossed our borders. The garrison at Latins has once again been increased. Patroninus has taken to shadowing the enemy army but making no effort to bring them to battle. Diplomats have once again been sent to protest the incursion onto our soil.

Once again cooler heads prevail and outright war is averted. The Volscian force recrosses the border and into their territory. For now there is peace, but for how long no one knows.

Rome: 348 BC

An uneasy peace has remained for the past year. The Consuls Bulba and Patroninus are now Senators and have taken their personal feud to the forum floor. The peace treaty with Aequi has held for 12 years but once again the Aequins are raiding the farmsteads around Hernici.

Relations have decreased with the Volscians also after several of their citizens were murdered by an apparent mob in Rome. Border skirmishing with the Samnites has also increased tensions between our peoples. On a lighter note, An influx in the pregnancy rate of Marsi has led to the comical honorific of the ???Storks??? being added to the name of the 2nd Legion, Garrisoned there since the end of the North Oscan war. A third legion is being raised in the event that war breaks out.

In the winter it was revealed that a buildup of Volscian Forces near the border was underway and that war was likely in the coming year. The training of the 3rd Legion has been intensified so that they will be ready to take the field. The 1rst Legion is currently preparing to march from its base near Hernici and rendezvous with the newly raised 3rd just south of Latins.

Hernici: 347 BC

A Volscian force has been sited south of Hernici. The 1rst Legion has been shadowing the force for some days now. The Consul Lucius Verus is in command. The Volscians once again retreat across the border and no formal declaration of war is made. Increased border incidents indicate that it may not be far off.

Volscian Border: 345 BC

The Roman people have had enough! The Volscians have made outrageous demands for the city of Latins to be handed over to their possession or a state of war would exist between our two peoples. This has led to the formal declaration of war to be declared on 21rst May. The 1rst and 3rd legions already near the border have been ordered to cross the border and capture the important city of Anxur. The 3rd Legion crossed the Volscian Border on 30th May. The 1rst Legion, camped near Latins would break camp and join forces no later than 20th June. The Consul Verus was with the 1rst and in command of the campaign. The other Consul Marcus Libus was sent to command the 2nd at Marsi and keep an eye on the Samnite Border.

The Volscian War 345 BC

Latins: 345 BC

The 1rst Legion was surprised to discover a large enemy force descending on their position south of Latins. Scouts reported a second enemy army to the east, apparently heading for Latins. Varus in good order positioned his troops for the upcoming battle in the woods 20 miles south of the city. The enemy force consisted mainly of Cavalry with a mixture of foot and missile troops. The Roman force was mostly foot, with a large contingent of Auxiliary??™s, mainly archers.

The Battle of Latins Woods: An Excerpt from the field report of Lucius Varus; Consul

All Hail the Senate and People of Rome.
I am pleased to report a great victory over the Volscian barbarians. Upon reports from our scouts that the enemy force was mainly cavalry, I drew up our forces in the woods fronting the enemy forces in the plains. Foolishly they charged our position and at a prearranged signal our troops feinted a retreat deeper into the woods. With the heavy underbrush hampering their cavalry??™s movement, they became easy prey to our infantry. They were quickly surrounded and given no quarter. With the cavalry neutralized, I sent our cavalry to attack the small contingent of foot that had been attached to the enemy force. They were quickly scattered by the fierceness of our brave men and scattered to the four winds. Being notified of a second enemy force heading toward Latins, I called off the pursuit. After a brief rest, I gathered our men and by forced marches reached the city by midafternoon of the next day. The enemy was assaulting the walls and had not set up a screening force to warn of our approach. Deploying our troops on a wide front to prevent any enemy escape, we threw ourselves upon the enemy without mercy. Caught between our forces and the mighty walls of Latins, they were hacked to pieces and died to a man. Our valiant force of arms has upheld the Glory of Rome.

Your Humble Servant;

Lucius Varus; Consul: Southern Operations

The casualty lists were included in the dispatch. Roman casualties were remarkably light at 400 dead and wounded. Volscian casualties numbered around 2,260. It was an auspicious start to the war.

Later that year another report was received from Varus detailing the bloody assault and capture of the Volscian City of Anxur. Roman casualties were reported at 1,009. Because of the massacre of much of the native population, an accurate account of Volscian losses remains unknown. It has been estimated that as many as 20,000 people may have been killed. The remaining population was sold into slavery. Latin colonists were sent to repopulate the city.

As the year closed with the string of Roman victories, the Volscians sued for peace. For the price of 200,000 cesterces and the city of Anxur, peace was attained. It would be short lived. The Frentani envoy delivered a declaration of war. A small city-state to our southeast, it came as a shock that they would declare war without provocation. The declaration was delivered to Marcus Libus at Marsi and from there forwarded by dispatch rider to the Senate at Rome.

Rome: 344 BC

It has been decided not to conduct an offensive campaign against the Frentani and consolidate the gains from the Volscian war. Diplomats were sent to attempt to find a peaceful resolution to the current hostilities. Our forces were positioned as follows: 1rst Legion ??“ Anxur Garrison, 2nd Legion ??“ Marsi Garrison, and 3rd Legion at fortified camp near the new Volscian border. Meanwhile, a 4th Legion was being raised to replace the 1rst Legion at its former base outside of Hernici. It was a fortuitous move as relations with several states were about to sour dramatically.

The incident that would directly lead to a renewed war happened on 7th September of this year. It occurred at a state dinner in the Volscian Capitol where discussions were being held to address mutual grievances. One of our diplomats, the former Consul, now Senator Patrininus, was having a discussion with a Volscian dignitary names Macros. The discussion we are told centered on the breeding practices for racing horses. A disagreement arose culminating in a fistfight. In the subsequent scuffle, Macros was knocked down, hit his head on one of the tables, and unfortunately died. Patrininus was immediately placed under arrest. He was executed a few days later. Though it was widely proclaimed that Patrininus was to blame for instigating the incident, the Senate could not condone the execution of one of their own. Calls for war were resounding on the Forum floor. It was thought that the New Year would bring greater victories than the previous years. But would it be so??¦

Marsi: 342 BC

New incursions by the Samnites have halted plans for a renewed Volscian war. A small force of cavalry was sent by Libus to follow the scouting party but to not actively engage unless they committed hostile action first. The Consul did not wish to commit his limited forces and perhaps start another war with the Frentani War still unresolved and possible hostilities with the Volscians. After a brief reconnoiter of the surrounding areas, the Samnites retired across the river.

Part II

Volscian Border 342 BC

War with the Volscians seems almost a certainty now. In response to increased activity in the vicinity, the 3rd Legion has been assigned to the border. They are to await the order to Invade. The funding has been made available to raise 2 more legions. The Frentani negotiations have bogged down and the Senate has decided that a show of military force is needed to move them to some resolution.

The Second Volscian War 342 ??“ 340 BC

8th June, The anticipated war with the Volscians has been declared. The 3rd Legion marched across the border towards the Volscian capitol of Aurunci. About 10 miles from the capitol, our scouts spotted a large cloud of dust approaching from the south. Sent to investigate and bring back reports on the potential enemy force, our scouts met with a large screening force of cavalry and were driven off before they could get an accurate account of enemy numbers or disposition. From accounts given by survivors, General Arsibius drew up his forces in the standard fashion and awaited the enemy deployment on the plains North of Aurunci. It was soon discovered that a substantial cavalry army was readying themselves for battle. Once their lines were set, they began a slow walk towards our line that gradually picked up momentum as the distance between our forces decreased. Soon the thundering hooves seemed to drown out all other sound and the deafening crash into our lines could be heard for miles. Our lines were thrown back in confusion and in the chaos, the right shifted too far, exposing the flank to the enemy reserves. The exposed flank was exploited and soon our entire line disintegrated. The day could still have been saved had the centurions been able to regroup our soldiers, but their discipline was broken and many threw down their arms and fled. General Arsibius was killed along with the majority of the 3rd Legion. Casualties were estimated to be at least 1,880 killed. The Volscians later stated their losses to be 1,220. It was a severe reversal of fortune and the loss in men and equipment was devastating.

The Aequins who it was learned had a secret mutual defense pact with the Volscians honored their alliance and declared war on Rome. The 4th Legion was sent to Hernici in response and was to await the results of a campaign against Frentani before proceeding with any offensive action against the Aequi. The Consul Marcus Libus was to ready the 2nd legion to march and join with the 4th and conquer the Aequi. The newly raised 5th Legion was to march to the Frentani capitol in a show of force in the hopes that peace would be restored between our two peoples.
Anxur: 341 BC

The city is besieged. A great force of Volscians has surrounded the city. A messenger was able to sneak through enemy lines and reached the camp of Marcus Libus near Marsi. The letter, from Lucius Varus, in command of the Anxur??™s defense with the 1rst Legion was written as follows:

Hail Brother! I write to you in the direst need. A great force of Volscians besieges us. They chose their time well as the fall Harvests have yet to be collected. The outer walls are in ill repair and food stores are low. Rations have been cut in half. I implore you to march to our relief without delay. Make haste, as I am in doubt to our ability to hold out for much longer. We will resist to the last breath and await anxiously for your arrival.

-Lucius Varus, Consul: City of Anxur 3rd May, 341

Upon receipt of the letter, Libus organized his forces quickly for the march to relieve the city. It would be a march that would never happen. While preparations were hastily being executed, word came of the disaster and annihilation of the 5th Legion. Exceeding his orders, the commander of the 5th, General Metalanus, began burning and pillaging Frentani villages and fields around the capitol of Histonium. The Frentani sent a great army of cavalry to intercept the Roman force. Caught unawares and unable to form his lines for battle, the Legion was quickly routed and put to flight. Few escaped. Rather than being captured, Metalanus fell on his sword.

Word reached the Consul Libus 2 days march from Marsi. Presented with the dilemma of relieving Anxur or leaving the Frentani front undefended, Libus penned a quick letter to Varus, turned his forces around and headed back to his headquarters at Marsi. There would be no relief of Anxur.

14th October. Word arrived of the fall of Anxur. The entire garrison was killed or captured. Varus was slain defending the southern wall where the Volscians forced entry into the city. Heavy sadness filled the Roman people at the death of such a noble soldier.

Rome: 340 BC

The Senate announced a cessation of hostilities with the Volscians. The city of Anxur would remain in their hands but either side paid no other compensation. The reversals at Histonium and Anxur severely damaged the psyche of the Roman Army and reduced its numbers by almost a quarter. With the coffers severely depleted by the rising cost of men and material, coupled with war still existing between the Frentani, Aequi, and Us, it was imperative to reach a resolution in one of the theaters. It was decided that in the memory of Lucius Varus, no Consul would be elected in his place for the year.

Aequi: 340 BC

With the end of the Volscian war, attention was turned to the mountain brigands of Aequi. The 4th Legion left its base near Hernici on 4th July and headed through the mountain passes towards the Aequin Lands. The cool mountain temperatures were a welcome relief to the stifling July heat in the valleys below. The army reached the outskirts of the enemy domain on 14th July. Surveying the enemy fortifications, it was decided to forego normal seigeworks and take the low walls by assault. The commander of the 4th, General Mica, received a report that a small force of auxiliaries, mainly cavalry, had been sent by Libus to assist in the operation. They would arrive within a few hours. It was planned to proceed with the assault without waiting for the reinforcements.

The assault began at Dawn. Our troops proceeded towards the city in a ragged formation as the rocky terrain prevented tighter, straighter lines. Before they reached the city, an Aequin force, which was waiting in ambush, attacked our left flank. Our forces moved to engage and a sharp bitter engagement began. The Aequins were driven off but not before heavy loss of life occurred on both sides. 580 of our men were killed or wounded and at least 780 enemy dead littered the field. After a brief respite, our forces regrouped and reached the walls. The Aequins fought with a desperation bred from the realization that they would be utterly destroyed if they lost the battle. As the hours passed with fresh units replacing those too exhausted to continue the assault, it became apparent that the walls could not be breached that day. The trumpets sounded the retreat and as our forces began to make their way back to our lines, the gates were opened and the enemy sallied forth from the city and swept our forces from the field. Our troops were unable to gather themselves for an organized defense and fled for their lives. The General managed to fight his way past the Aequins and arrived at Hernici with only a handful of troops. The costly assault had left another 1400 Roman dead in the mountains of Aequi. Enemy casualties must have been very high also as pursuit ended after several miles from the city.

Marsi: 339 BC

An emissary was received from the Frentanians. They admitted their culpability in the hostilities that exist between our nations, and have offered 10,000 cesterces to the families of those slain in the Battle of Histonium. Impressed by the humility and generosity of the Frentanian ambassador, Marcus Libus took it upon his authority to accept the proposal on behalf of the Roman people. He then sent word to the Senate about the cessation of Hostilities. The Senate though pleased about the peace settlement, sent a note of reprimand to Libus for exceeding his authority and reminding him that it was only in the Senate??™s power to ratify treaties with foreign powers. The ending of hostilities with the Frentani freed up both men and materials needed to deal with the troublesome Aequi.

Rome: 337 BC

Reports have come in from our commander of our southern border forts. Disturbing news indeed. The Samnites have conquered both the Volscians and Frentani. Their naked aggression and our declining relations make war in the future between our peoples highly probable. The Senate has made it a priority to have a military reorganization to prepare for any future action with the Samnites who have a large military presence on our border. Due to the string of military reverses suffered by our armies, it is imperative to achieve a military victory over the Aequi as soon as possible. To this affect the newly raised 6th Legion has been raised and sent to march on the Aequi.

9th June. Our Army has marched to within 5 Miles of the Aequin City. Our scouts have reported sighting thousands of bleached bones scattered about the ground near the city. The partial pieces of Roman uniforms on some of the bodies confirmed this to be the remains of the doomed 4th Legion. An Aequin was also brought in under a white flag. The man stated that he was sent to invite the Romans for peace talks outside the city walls. Enraged by the site of their dead comrades, the proposal was dismissed outright. The army descended from the passed to the city and began the construction of proper seigeworks. The new Consul Publius Fronco was in charge of the expedition.

9th September, through a Herculean effort of Roman ingenuity and skill, sappers managed to tunnel through the rocky ground and topple the western wall. Our forces assaulted the city and house to house fighting started. Our forces unused to such an engagement were suffering badly at the hands of the enemy. Numerous ambushes took their toll and the taking of the city was in serious doubt. Retreat was comptemplated. In that most desperate hour, the courage of our men shone forth. With a last ditch effort and the last of the reserves, the resistance of the enemy was finally overcome. It unleashed a bloodbath. Neither man, women, child, or beast was spared. The entire city was put to the sword. Amongst the 1500 Roman dead, uncounted tens of thousands of Aequins littered the streets of the city. The slavers would lodge protest to the Senate over the massacre but after an investigation the matter was quietly dismissed.

12th December. A mutual defense treaty has been signed between our people and the Campanians against the Samnite aggressors. Peace has come after long years of war, but for how long, I cannot say.


Rome: 332 BC

Peace remains. The Cisalpine Gauls have asked for alliance and we have magnanimously agreed to their proposal. Though periodic border skirmishing remains, outright war has not been declared.

North Oscan Border: 326 BC

War will again come, but this time of our own choosing. The 2nd Legion has left its base in Marsi and marched and crossed the border. A sharp fight broke out just south of the city of Paeligni but our forces held the field. 1900 Roman casualties Vs 3200 North Oscans. The garrison was stripped for the battle and the city fell to our troops without a fight. After resupplying and being reinforced, The 2nd moved to invest the last North Oscan city of Marrucini.

The fight was out of the North Oscans and after a token resistance, the city fell to our arms on 4th July. Only 6 weeks after the campaign began. Only 170 Romans fell during the final battle to 560 Oscans. It was a great victory. The Consul C. Carpius, in charge of the campaign was celebrated in the capitol and Oscanicus added to his name. Peace again descended upon our great republic. Little did we know that it would be short-lived. Soon we would engage our greatest enemy in a war which would see almost 60 years of warfare.

PART III

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The Samnite Wars 325 BC ??“ 268 BC

Marsi: 325 BC

Two large Samnite armies have crossed the river into our territory. Working in conjunction with each other, their destination seems to be Marsi. Alarmed by the unexpected incursion, fortifications are erected in that city. A delegation has been sent to find out the Samnite intentions. Our worse fears are realized upon their return with word that there will be war. Dispatches are sent to Rome with the declaration of war.

The two Samnite armies have found our fortifications too formidible to assault. They have limited themselves to bringing fire and sword to the surrounding countryside. C. Carpius , with the 2nd Legion at Marsi has decided not to offer battle to the vast enemy host and has decided to defend Marsi until reinforcements can arrive. He has received reports that the 4th Legion will march from Aequi and the reorganized 1rst Legion will arrive from Rome.

In the Southwestern theatre, The Consul Gaius Gallienus has been placed in command of the reorganized 3rd and 5th Legions. The war council has decided to counter the large forces of the Samnites in the Southeast with equal Roman forces but in a strictly defensive capacity. While in the Southwest, a more aggressive policy will be executed on the former Volscian cities of Anxur and Aurunci. Spies have been sent into these cities to foment resentment against their oppressors and to welcome the Romans as their liberators.

Anxur; Southwestern Theature; 320 BC

4th July, Gallienus with more than usual speed crossed the Samnite Border and was approaching the city of Anxur with the two Legions under his command. Our Vanguard met with some resistance from an enemy scouting force but with reinforcements from both sides the skirmish turned into a full-scale battle. A short bloody battle, which met with, the entire rout of the enemy. Roman casualties amounted to 820 while Samnite losses were counted at 1,179. The wounded were sent to a fortifies camp several miles to the rear of the front for treatment by the surgeons.

10th July, Today an enemy cavalry force captured the supply train. Whatever could not be carried off was burned. Our Army now has only a few days??™ rations, which the individual soldiers carry on their person. This lack of supply has forced a retreat back to the Roman Border where it is hoped new supplies will be waiting so that the campaign can continue.

16th July, The troops exhausted from a forced march on half rations have arrived at the Legionary base, 10 miles from the border. Though supplies have arrived, there are not enough to sustain a protracted campaign in hostile enemy territory. The campaign has been called off until a more stable supply system can be put in place.

Legionary Base Victrix, Roman/Samnite Border; Southwestern Theatre; 316 BC

Finally supplies have been gathered in quantity to enable renewed offensive operations. The Samnites having equal supply problems have also remained inactive except for occasional raids into our territory.
The 3rd and 5th Legions recrossed the Samnite Border on 15th June. While on march, reports were received of a great victory in the east. A large enemy cavalry force was heavily defeated by the 2nd Legion south of Marsi where it was conducting yearly maneuvers. The enemy cavalry broke themselves upon our mighty legions and few lived to see their homeland again. Casualties were heavy on both sides. 1,400 for the Romans and 2,600 for the Samnites. The news lifted the spirits of our men and has inspired us to commit even greater deeds.

Gallienus approached Anxur and seeing that the city was closed to him and the garrison manning the walls, immediately began the construction of siege works. Before their completion, being anxious for a victory of his own, he decided on a direct assault on the city. The 5th Legion would begin the initial assault with the 3rd in reserve. The assault troops made a valiant effort to take the walls but the expected uprising of the Volscian citizens never materialized. Instead they added themselves to the strength of the garrison and the first wave was thrown back with heavy losses on both sides. In order not to give the enemy any respite, Gallienus, against the advice of his tribunes, sent in the 3rd Legion. Understrength, their assault also was repulsed. The Consul, now with inadequate strength to conduct a proper siege, withdrew back to the border. He would leave behind 3300 Roman dead. The Samnite dead was estimated at 5700.

In the East, several Samnite armies crossed into our territory and were operating to the south of Marsi. Carpius upon reading the reports that the enemy forces were entirely made up of cavalry, decided not to risk battle and leave the city undefended. This was in direct compliance with his orders to remain on the defensive. Instead, he sent a large cavalry force to shadow the enemy to attempt to minimize any damage to the surrounding countryside.

An unexpected battle has occurred. After losing contact with the enemy forces, The Roman Commander, Valco, split his forces in two. He went south towards the river. While the Romans were watering their horses, the enemy horse launched a surprise attack. The enemy slew many before an organized defense could be mounted. The Romans counterattacked fiercely but now severely depleted in manpower were overcome. The banks ran red with Roman blood. Over 1600 Romans were lost. Enemy losses numbered almost 1500. Having drunk from the cup of Victory, the enemy was quick to seize the opportunity to pillage and plunder the countryside. The 2nd Roman Cavalry force took up pursuit and forced battle upon the enemy. The two armies collided and the sound was like thunder. The cries of dead and dying men and beasts drowned out all other sound. The enemy heavily outnumbered but veterans all put up a valiant determined defense. During a respite in the battle, our troopers saluted the enemies??™ bravery and skill. Quarter was offered but rejected. The fighting began anew with the force of numbers slowly taking its toll. A last ditch charge by the enemy was stalled and one by one they fell to a man. Upon surveying the field, dead men and horses were strewn for hundreds of yards in all directions. 1300 more Roman and 500 Samnite dead littered the ground.

Marsi: 315 BC

Carpius, upon news of the two battles and crippling of his cavalry arm, sent for additional troops to be raised at Paeligni and sent to join him at Marsi. This was done and this force, mainly made up of auxiliary foot, arrived at Marsi on 13th September. Due to the lack of proper intelligence since the near destruction of all cavalry troops, it was not known that a large Samnite force was fast approaching the city.

Upon site of the enemy army, Carpius mobilized the 2nd legion. The reinforcements were drawn up for battle under their local commanders and were to delay the enemy force until the 2nd could arrive in strength. The delaying tactics were unsuccessful as the enemy brushed aside our skirmishers and brought our main body to battle outside the southern gates of the city. Our forces were driven back to the walls. Unwilling to open the gates to our retreating troops due to the close proximity of the enemy; our men were cut down piecemeal. The enemy, also having suffered many casualties and taking fire from our bowmen on the walls, attempted a withdrawal. The 2nd Legion, having exited the city from the eastern gate, came upon the enemy and exacted vengeance. It would take days before the dead would be cleared. 1900 Romans slain amongst 1250 of the enemy.

Rome: 314 BC

The inconclusive battles of the previous year had taken a heavy toll on both our peoples. An agreement was signed that ended the hostilities with a small indemnity being paid by the Samnites. Peace had come but only until sufficient men and material could be gathered to renew the war.

Legionary Camp Victrix, Southeastern Samnite Border, 308 BC

The Legionary camp was enlarged to accommodate the buildup of forces for a renewed war. 4 Legions, the 3rd, 5th, 8th and 9th were gathered at the camp. Never before had such a large force been mustered together for a campaign. They were to be the hammer blow to break the Samnite confederacy with an overwhelming, unstoppable force. Supplies were stockpiled and the upcoming year was slated for invasion.

Anxur: 307 BC

An Excerpt of the Field Report of Consul Cassius Victonius

Our Forces crossed the border into enemy territory without incident. We arrived at Anxur where a force of enemy cavalry was bivouacked outside the city. The sight of our great host approaching the city sent them into a frenzy of activity. Soon they withdrew to the south. With the gates barred and the enemy upon the walls, I deployed our troops for immediate assault. Our first assault was repulsed, as was the 2nd. A third assault was begun and the depleted enemy garrison was driven from the walls. Our men then opened the gates and our soldiers poured inside. The enemy was pursued and each home searched for possible combatants or contraband. Though the usual atrocities were committed, the men were not permitted to completely sack the city as a large enemy force was approaching from the south. The centurions regrouped the men and the walls were manned. The damaged west gate was hastily repaired and sealed. The enemy broke themselves upon the already bloodstained walls. Our men fought bravely and methodically cut down the Samnites like wheat in the fields. A sortie by the 9th Legion in the Samnite rear utterly destroyed their ability to resist. The prisoners were executed and hung for display to show the price of resistance. I present the city of Anxur to the Senate and People of Rome.

The elation at the capture of Anxur was quickly extinguished upon examination of the casualty lists. Roman losses in dead and wounded amounted to 5,630, about a quarter of our total force. Samnite dead were almost 8500.

Rome: 303 BC

Though the war has dragged on for the last 4 years, no major battles were fought. Both sides, exhausted, signed a treaty of peace. He Samnites would again pay a small indemnity and the City of Anxur would remain in Roman hands.
Part IV

Rome: 303 BC

With the cessation of hostilities, the Senate has passed the Military Reorganization Bill. It dictates the main bases of operation and recruitment for the legions. In the North, the Mutual Defense Act with Umbria has been renewed for another 50 years. The Umbrians control all lands North of us except for the Etruscan Lands. Due to the relative stability of this border, only the Legionary base near Rome will remain active. All other Legions have been filtered South and only the small fort garrisons remain in the cities.

In the South, a Legionary recruitment center has been opened in the city of Anxur. All new legions will be recruited from here. A Legionary Base has also been erected.

Rome: 296 BC

The annual report from Military Quartermasters Office was received by the Senate Finance Committee. It was an alarming report of the drain on the finances of the State by the large field armies currently on active duty. It reported that if new income was not generated, the state would be bankrupt within 3 years. A committee was formed to discover all viable solutions and report with its findings within a 6 month timeframe.

Rome: 295 BC

The Requisitions Committee reported to the Senate that it found that the only logical and viable solution to the military drain on the economy was to use the military in an offensive capacity in order to secure new resources in land, money, and slaves. It was the Committees recommendation that due to the poor relations with the Samnites, war be declared upon their peoples. The motion was passed and preparations were undertaken to launch the campaign for the coming year.

Samnite Border, Southeast of Marsi; 293 BC

The Declaration of War was delivered to the Samnite Ambassador in Rome on the Ides of March. He was then escorted to the border. The invasion plan called for a two pronged attack. In the Southeast, the Consul Gaius Pulpolis would lead Legions II, IV, and IX in the capture of the Samnite City of Caercini. Upon initial success, leaving a strong garrison to secure the city, He would then march on Histonium. In the Southwest, Consul Marcus Ulpa, would lead Legions I & III on an attack at Aurunci.

The Operation against Caercini began with a night river crossing into enemy territory. The enemy outposts keeping watch on the border were surprised and captured by light troops, preventing word from reaching the city. Through forced night marches, the city was reached in two days time. With complete surprise the city was assaulted and though the walls were quickly breached, the garrison rallied and put up a stubborn defense, especially at the citadel. In all Roman casualties were light at 790 killed and wounded. Enemy losses were estimated at 2,400.

With the city secure and the IX Legion stationed as the city garrison, Pulpolis, in order to maintain the element of surprise, marched the next day towards Histonium.

In the western theatre, Ulpa marched cautiously towards the hill town of Aurunci. Upon his arrival at the outskirts and seeing the strong position the city held, he decided to conduct a proper siege and began preparations for the envelopment of the city. Siege trains were unloaded and several natural strongpoints were strengthened to serve as bastions. The catapults, ballistas, and scorpions pounded the walls or men upon them ceaselessly. Sappers began undermining the walls. After two months, the North wall was breached and the city assaulted. The city was taken with difficulty and losses were high. Roman losses amounted to 1,340. The Samnite garrison, massacred to a man, numbered 3,650. The city was secured and a garrison stationed. With the IV Legion arriving as reinforcements, it was decided to continue the campaign by moving east towards the city of Pentri. While preparing to march, word arrived from Pulpolis.

An excerpt from the letter of G. Pulpolis to M. Ulpa

Greetings Brother. I write you with heavy heart. The campaign, which began so gloriously, has ended in tragedy. Upon marching to Histonium, the scene of one of our greatest defeats, I discovered a great host of the enemy drawn up for battle under the town??™s forbidding grey walls. Seeing an abundance of cavalry in their army, I decided to give battle instead of being harried on the long march back to Carecini. Once our forces were arrayed to my pleasure, we advanced several hundred yards and awaited the enemy to attack. This they did not do. The general advance was then sounded and our armies drew ever nearer to eachother. Still the enemy refused to advance. Soon our skirmishers were within range and engaged the enemy vanguard. With our forces within a few hundred yards, we charged the enemy. The enemy made no attempt to advance other than the cavalry wings of their army spreading out to avoid engagement. Soon it was apparent why they huddled under the looming walls as missiles in great number began raining down upon our heads. The garrison was taking a heavy toll. Even so, our brave and accomplished soldiers pressed heavily against the enemy center, which threatened to break. At this crucial moment the enemy cavalry struck our flanks. Though we were prepared to meet their charge, such was their ferocity and valor, that both flanks crumbled and many were slain. With impending doom upon us, I had no choice but to sound the withdrawal and attempt to rally our crumbling forces. This I accomplished and retreated back to Carecini, where I write this letter to you. I fear that Histonium is a cursed place for us Romans. I am discouraged but far from defeated. I await reinforcements from Rome before again I can continue with the current campaign. I warn you to be wary, as enemy forces could be coming west in great strength now that our army is crippled. I implore you to be cautious but not passive in the execution of the war. Only through continued pressure will the enemy be overcome and plead for mercy.

- G. Pulpolis; Consul

The casualty lists were included in the post. Both Legions were severely mauled. In all over 4,600 Romans fell. Enemy casualties amounted to 5,400.


The Road to Pentri; 292 BC
The warning would prove a godsend. While marching on Pentri, scouts reported a large Samnite army approaching from the west. It was quickly decided to intercept this force and neutralize the threat before investing Pentri. The battle was bloody but a complete victory for the Romans. The enemy was strewn everywhere upon that field of death. Enemy dead were counted at 4,440. Roman dead at 2,220. Enemy prisoners confirmed that they had marched from Histonium hoping to repeat their great victory at Pentri.

Giving enough time for the supply train to catch up and reprovision the army, Ulpa then marched and captured Pentri with barely a fight. Only 550 Romans were killed or wounded and in the subsequent rampage through the city at least 1200 Samnites were slaughtered.

Word arrived then from Pulpolis that a small cavalry force sent to join his now reinforced army had met and defeated a larger cavalry force North of Caercini. 1200 enemy soldiers were slain while Roman losses were around 700. With the II & IV Legions reinforced and up to strength he was marching again to attack Histonium.


Pentri; 288 BC

It was later learned by another letter that the Romans were again heavily repulsed and forced to retreat.

An excerpt from the Letter of G. Pulpolis to M. Ulpa

Yet again my brother do I send news of a reversal of arms. Fortune has once again turned her fair face from our cause and allowed us to suffer another grievous defeat. The Divine Fates conspire with the enemy to bring about our destruction. The priests who made sacrifices and assured me that the omens were good, I fear were charlatans. I have had them flayed alive and appointed wiser men to their positions. I will not go into details of the battle, suffice it to say that once again the enemy cavalry won the day. I have once again retreated to the fortress at Carecini. The enemy commands the countryside but dares not attack. I may be twice defeated but remain stout of heart and my resolve has not waned. I must congratulate you on your splendid victories and hope and pray for your continued success. I look forward to the day when Victory will raise us both in her arms and see the utter destruction of the Samnite scourge.

Most Humbly,


G. Pulpolis; Consul.

Losses: Roman-1800
Samnite-3500

Histonium: 286 BC

With an increasing strain on supply, the war continues. Pulpolis has once again marched an army to Histonium. This time perhaps due to the huge losses in men suffered by the Samnites, the enemy garrison has remained inside the city. The Romans due in part to the heavy fortifications and party from superstitious fear have decided to besiege the city. Siege works are constructed and the city is to be starved into surrender.

Histonium: 284 BC

The City has held out for almost two years. Supplies are being smuggled into the city. It has been found that Roman merchants have been selling food to the enemy and making huge profits. The offending parties were caught, tortured, and hung in public view as a warning. This has caused a shortage in supplies for the army.

Several weeks later, scouts reported a relieving force heading towards the city. With dwindling supplies and the threat of reinforcements for the garrison, efforts were doubled to make an assailable breach in the walls. This was accomplished and the city was then seized. After effective control of the city was attained, repairs were immediately put in place to repair the crumbling walls. News arrived by courier that a small relief force from Marsi was on its way to strengthen our garrison. The courier was then dispatched back to the commander of the relief force in order to appraise him of the current situation and the possibility of enemy activity in the area.

A week later with no relief force in site, a routine patrol discovered the remains of the courier with several arrows in his back. Further reconnaissance uncovered a battle site and the remains of the relief force scattered about the ground. A quick count showed 560 Roman dead and about 150 Samnites. He patrol doubled back to make their report without making contact with the enemy.

The Enemy soon made its presence known and with knowledge from our dispatch of the condition of Histonium??™s fortifications, made an immediate assault. All day and the next the battle raged. In the end it was our defensive position coupled with the valor of our arms that swayed Victory to our side. A mass grave was dug outside the Western Wall for the 5,300 Samnite dead. A military cemetery was dedicated to our brave soldiers who made the ultimate sacrifice for their People. Along with all the former Romans who had died at Histonium, another 2,230 would join their fallen comrades. Little did we know that the taking of Histonium, the thorn in the Roman Side, would turn the war forever in our favor. It was as if Histonium was the crux of the entire war. Whoever held the city would be on the road to ultimate victory. Both sides would and had exhausted countless resources into its capture. Now in Roman hands, the Samnites began a precipitous decline from which they would never recover. Though the war would last another 11 years, mainly due to increased troubles with supply, which continued to hamper our forces in the field, The Romans would never again suffer defeat at the hands of a Samnite Army.

Histonium: 283 BC

The Samnites again focused their might upon the bloody walls of Histonium. Before the battle, our men swore they saw the ghosts of our dead surrounding the city, overshadowing the enemy host. Thus heartened by this divine protection, our men fought like furies and threw down the enemy unto the dust. It was an overwhelming victory with only 690 Romans being killed or wounded while the bloodied, fleeing enemy left 1,800 dead.


Pentri: 280 BC

A Samnite Cavalry force was heavily defeated on the plains south of Pentri. Though 880 Romans fell, the enemy lost 2,000. The Samnites having lost their best soldiers at Histonium were now throwing raw recruits at our forces where they began to suffer heavy losses continously.

Caudini: 279 BC

The enemy besieged Caudini. Do to a lack of victuals to withstand a protracted siege, our forces marched from the cities gates to meet the enemy. Our Veteran troops routed the enemy in less than 3 hours. The enemy forces were hunted down and few escaped to tell the tale of their destruction. Roman losses though heavy at 1,780, were light compared to the 4,360 men the Samnites lost. M. Ulpa sent the garrison commander a letter of recommendation for his superb victory.

Rome: 279 BC

The Senate in light of our recent string of victories has bestowed Consulships on M. Ulpa and G. Pulpolis for the remainder of the Samnite wars. This news was presented after the monthly reports from the Consuls were read to the assembly. It detailed another victory in the foothills north of Caudini. The remaining enemy force from the severe defeat suffered at our hands was put to the sword along with a relief column coming to their aid. They would provide no succor for their demoralized comrades as they were sent to the land ruled by Pluto. Roman losses were very light at 330. Samnite dead were calculated at 1,440.

Apulia: 278 BC

G. Pulpolis began the year??™s campaign by taking the war to the enemy. Having received reinforcements and strengthening the Histonium Garrison, he marched south to invest the Samnite City of Apulian. In his army was a specially trained assault force. The city was taken by these troops in a brilliantly executed night assault. The Samnite defenders were overmatched being completely made up of cavalry troopers and not used to wall defense. Their losses were 2,160. Many occurred when a large force barricaded themselves in their barracks. A roman barricade was set up blocking all exits and the barracks and adjoining stables were put to the torch. The putrid smell of burnt human and horseflesh permeated the city for days.

A Samnite column was spotted from Apulians towers and our forces marched to the plain to bring them to battle. This battle also went poorly for the Samnite??™s who were sent fleeing in all directions. With our revised tactics versus massed cavalry, our losses remained acceptable at 720 to 2,160 enemy troopers killed.

Capua: 275 BC

M. Ulpa after several years of consolidating the new conquests marched on the former Campanian City of Capua. The Campanians sent military advisors to appraise our forces on local topography and city defenses. They proved invaluable and after a short siege the city was in our hands. Our new assault troops, called Praetoria Militum, were again crucial. Losses were tabulated at 580 for the Romans and 1000 for the Samnites.

Following up on this victory, Ulpa marched southeast where scouts reported an enemy field army encamped. These were engaged on 13th September and routed. Roman losses: 580, Samnite: 2,720. Scouts then reported a 2nd field army threatening Capua. Quickly organizing his forces, Ulpa through forced marches reached the city ahead of the enemy hordes. The enemy wasted little time and having no siege engines assaulted the city with ladders and ropes. Their strength was quickly sapped and their life??™s blood staining the walls and ground. A Roman force sallying from a hidden gate hit the enemy rear and put them to rout. Roman losses were heavy being 1,330. The Samnites suffered worse casualties at an amazing 5,440.


Hirpini: 274 BC

With the overwhelming victories from the prior year, the horrific losses suffered by the enemy, and spies reporting the weakness of enemy forces, M. Ulpa marched on Hirpini. The city walls being daunting, he settled down for a siege. While investing the city he entertained an ambassador from the Lucanians whom being alarmed at our rapid conquests approaching their lands, formed an alliance with the reeling Samnite people and declared war. Treating the ambassador with dignity, Ulpa informed the ambassador that the Roman people had no quarrel with Lucania but would not waver in their resolve to eradicate the Samnite peoples, Once accomplished, he promised the might of Rome would be turned on the Lucanians and that nothing but unconditional surrender would be accepted. With that the ambassador left our camp and dispatches were sent to Pulpolis and the Senate.

With that said, Ulpa concentrated all his efforts into the reduction and capture of Hirpini. With great vigor the city was slowly ground into submission and surrendered. Roman Casualties were heavy. 2,004 men fell during the six-month siege. Samnite burial details accounted for 3,400 enemy dead. While consolidating the city, a dispatch from Pulpolis was received notifying Ulpa that he was marching towards Arpi and hoped to reduce that city by fall of next year. He urged Ulpa to meet him there no later than 30th May.

Southeast of Hirpini: 273 BC

Ulpa marched to join Pulpolis on 2nd May. Two days on the march brought news of a large Samnite force operating in the area. Deploying for battle, the enemy was engaged and defeated. The Samnites lost 3,680 men to Roman losses of 1,730. Due to these heavy losses and those incurred with the taking of Hirpini, a dispatch was sent to Pulpolis to send word that they would not be joining the siege but instead return to Hirpini.

Pulpolis on receiving the report decided to continue with the siege. Having received an extra cohort of Praetoria Militum, an assault was planned. Spies contacted in the city reported the despair of the defending troops. An assault commenced on a rainy Thursday morning at dawn. Though the defense was desperate, it was quickly overcome and a wholesale slaughter began. The last Samnite Stronghold had fallen to our troops. Losses were heavy, especially among the assault troops, at 1,730. The last Samnite defenders were slain at the citadel, joining 3,680 of their fellow men at arms. The long war was finally over with total victory and the vanquishing of our former ally turned deadly foe. One war ended in time for another one to begin.

the end

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Part V

Lucanian/Calabrian Wars 274-250 BC

Rome: 273 BC

With the triumph over the Samnite scourge, The Consuls Ulpa and Pulpolis returned to the capitol city to the exultation of the populace. They entered with great fanfare, trumpets blaring, and young women spreading flowers in their path. The people rejoiced to see their returning heroes marching behind the victorious legionaires. They were of course the nearby Legions of the North, who had not seen any of the fighting in the war. Those Legions were still needed for the new wars to the south. No-one seemed to mind however, and the procession ended at the steps of the Senate, where all the Senators were their to great the two Consuls. The celebration lasted 3 days.

At the end it was disclosed over much protest, that the two Consuls would serve the rest of the remaining year but decline the Consulships for 272. The Senate reluctantly acquised to their decision. The Consuls did aggree to advise the Senate in military matters for the war.

Rome: 272 BC

The Senate announced that the faithless Calabrians had joined their fellow Greeks and declared war on our great Republic. It was received without much furor. Such was the confidence in our military that the prospects of another 2 front war were of little consequence. The years Consuls were elected. It was decided that they would be G. Marcus Saturninus and P. Lucius Julia. Saturninus would be in command in the Southeast with 3 Legions. His command would reside at Caudini. Julia would be in charge of the Southwestern theatre based in Arpi. He would have 4 Legions at his disposal.

Hirpini:272 BC

A large Calabrian army has attacked Hirpini. This was the first time our forces have fought against the much vaunted Greek Hoplite. It was a bloody struggle where many valiant men made the journey to the underworld. Though the battle was in doubt for what seemed an eternity, our forces were slowly driven from the field. Hirpini, depleted of its garrison, quickly surrendered. Our casualties amounted to around 3300 while the Calabrians suffered 3500. It was an ignoble defeat.

Hirpini: 268 BC

Saturninus approaches the city with 3 Legions. The I, III, and newly formed X. While crossing the river at the Telemon Bridge, the X Legion was attacked by a great host of Calabrians. Our soldiers were able to force their way across the bridge and form a defensive line that proved too strong for the enemy to break. Instead, it was the enemy that broke under the sharp swords and spears of our legionaries. Enemy bodies were thrown into the river to be washed away into the sea. The X only lost 920 men to 3,850 enemy dead. It was a confidence restorer, much needed, and infused our men once again with the elixir of victory.

It was short lived. Nearing the city, another great enemy army was pouring from its gates. The sun shone brightly off the glittering armor and spears of the Greeks. They spread across the field like locusts, so great was their number. Our men met them unflinchingly, and a thunderous bellow was heard from both sides as they charged into eachother in mass. The Hoplite Phalanx proved too much and the III was swept from existence. As the day was waning, the forces broke off with the Greeks holding the field. Though we had suffered 4,720 casualties, from the III Legion, an 86% casualty rate, two legions were yet to see action. Tomorrow would see the renewal of hostilities, with the victor holding the city and the vanquished annihilated.

Day 2

As the day dawned, the Greeks awoke to see Legion X arrayed for battle. The I Legion would be held in reserve. The Greeks bravely opened the gates and marched to meet our forces. Their spears held aloft looking much like a giant porcupine, slowly approaching, never wavering. Hen the two armies met it sounded like the eruption of a volcano. Men screamed in defiance or in death, as their life??™s blood colored the torn up earth. Our fresh troops punished the exhausted Greeks until they could stomach battle no more. The Greeks broke and rushed back to seek succor within the city walls. It was not to be so. Infused with battle rage and sensing the kill, our men charged after, slaying as they went, until they forced the enemy into submission. The city had been taken and was Roman once more. The Butchers bill was high. As the bodies were collected for burial, it was counted that the X Legion has lost 1600 men in the battle. Greek bodies from both days were counted at almost 10,000.

Hirpini: 267 BC

It was learned that a peace offer to the Lucanians, who so far had not conducted any offensive operations against us, had been rejected. Scouts on routine patrol had also reported that 2 Calabrian armies were approaching the City, perhaps a day apart. Saturninus, hoping to take advantage of this tactical error, marched out to meet the Calabrians. The first army was quickly routed from the field. The second army, much closer than previously reported was forming battle lines as their compatriots were driven from the field. Our troops, without delay, reformed their ranks and approached the enemy army, composed of mainly Hoplite spearmen. Saturninus had learned his lesson well. The Hoplites were sucked in by a retreating center until the flanks closed in and the center stiffened. They were wiped out to a man. Gain victory was ours! Casualties were acceptable at about 1,000. Enemy losses were 3,250.

While our troops were burying the dead, improving fortifications, or healing from their wounds, word was received that the Lucanians had captured Capua. The Garrison was presumed dead. Gathering together a strikeforce, Saturninus marched towards Capua, leaving a strong Garrison.

Capua: 266 BC

Saturninus arriving at the city and realizing that the fortifications were in disrepair decided on an immediate assault of the city. While forming his lines, the enemy realizing that the city walls would prove no advantage marched out to meet us. This proved to be a tactical error. Our troops overwhelmed the enemy flanks and collapsed them into the center. Our center doubly reinforced held firm and the enemy soldiers finding little room to fight were mowed down like wheat in the fields. A large number decided that prudence was the better part of valor and surrendered. However the bloodlust was upon us and they too were slain. In the aftermath, it was discovered that the Roman garrison of 2400 had indeed been killed. Another 1,005 comrades would join them. From excavations of the gravesites, Lucanian losses from the previous battle had been somewhere around 1,350. The massacre on the Capuan plains would add almost 4,500 more to that number. Saturninus decided to stay the year and repair the city??™s flagging defenses.

Hirpini: 265 BC

The City was becoming a yearly battleground. Another Campanian army arrived in the spring. The army was predominately made up of Hoplites. Our garrison being quite large and made up of detachments of veterans from the various legions, marched to meet the enemy, confidant of victory. Their confidence was well placed. In a short bloody battle the enemy was again defeated with very large casualties. Roman losses were around 1,790 while the Campanians suffered 4,800 dead. Though no one knew it at the time, this would see an end to hostilities for 10 years.

Canusium: 255 BC

Hostilities would resume on 7th July as 2 Legions approached the Campanian City. Julia who had been recalled to active service along with Saturninus after a series of temerous Consuls,